Marijuana and Farm Poisons Contaminating California?s National Parks

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New Study Indicates Problem Worse Than Originally Thought

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Skippy Massey
Humboldt Sentinel

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CALIFORNIA (Live Science/Yahoo News)? Pesticides from California?s valley farms are collecting in the tissues
of a singing treefrog that lives in pristine national parks,
including Yosemite and Giant Sequoia, a new study finds.

The chemicals include two fungicides never before found in wild frogs, said Kelly Smalling, lead study author and a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research hydrologist.? The study was published today (July 26) in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.

?Fungicides have been registered for use for many years, but for some reason, they haven?t really been on anybody?s radar screen until recently,? said Smalling, who is based at the USGS California Water Sciences Center in Sacramento.

California?s Central Valley is one of the country?s most productive agricultural regions; crops include stellar wine grapes, nuts and kiwis.

Agricultural pesticides and fungicides have been detected more than 100 miles to the east, in the rural Sierra Nevada?s snow, water, air and amphibians. ?

But valley farmers aren?t the only source of agricultural chemicals: Illegal marijuana gardens hacked into public lands also expose wildlife to fertilizers and toxic rat poison.? Rare predator species, such as spotted owls and fishers, eat the poisoned mice and die.

?The marijuana cultivators make trail systems to go in, and put toxicants at every clearing,? said Mourad Gabriel, a University of California, Davis, wildlife disease ecologist who studies the effects of rodenticides on rare species.? ?A lot of predators will use any type of trail system, so you can imagine the potential risk to multiple different species.?

Scientists first noticed sharply declining frog populations in the Sierra Nevada starting in the 1980s.? The problem, however, is a global one? amphibians everywhere are suffering steep population losses and strange deformities.? Earlier studies by the USGS researchers found toxic pesticide concentrations in several frog species living in the national parks.? In 2009 and 2010, the scientists resurveyed many of the same sites, Smalling said.

Researchers collected Pacific chorus frogs on a north-south transect across Lassen Volcanic National Park, Lake Tahoe, Yosemite National Park, Stanislaus National Forest and Giant Sequoia National Monument. ?They tested frog tissue, water and sediment samples for more than 90 different pesticides and fungicides.

Complex Causes

The most common chemicals in the frogs were the agricultural fungicides pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole and the herbicide simazine. ?DDE, a byproduct of the pesticide DDT, was also frequently found.

?This hammers home the point that even if you?re in an area that looks wild and natural, it can have very serious impacts from human activities 100 miles, or even more, away,? said Brad Shaffer, director of UCLA?s La Kretz Center
for California Conservation Science.

The chemical concentrations were often higher in frog tissues than in the environment. ??The contaminants in the water and sediments were ridiculously low,? Smalling said.? The frogs may store up small exposures over time, or there simply wasn?t any pesticide when the water and sediment samples were taken, the researchers suggest.

While scientists agree that pesticides likely contribute to the dramatic decline in amphibians, there are many reasons that frogs are disappearing. ?The heavyweight is habitat destruction and degradation.? Climate change is another factor.

Toxic Pot Gardens

Most pesticides in the Sierras come from the Central Valley.? The pesticides travel to the mountains as aerosols, tiny particles that waft into the atmosphere on warm, rising air currents. ?Winds coming off the Pacific Ocean blow the aerosols west to the mountains, where they fall out of the atmosphere in rain and snow.

However, a boom in illegal pot farms in the past five years has brought a new chemical source into the parks.?

The cannabis cultivators spray pesticides and fertilizers and spread rat poison.?? Rodents that eat the poison live for two to seven days before keeling over, giving predators plenty of time to capture their dazed prey.

UC Davis? Gabriel and his colleagues are seeing the effects of these chemicals on the fishers, a carnivore being considered for Endangered Species Act listing. ?

Fisher cats nibble on everything from acorns to deer carcasses.??The scientists found rat poison in 85 percent of fisher cat carcasses collected on public and tribal lands, according to a study published in June.

The animals are also passing the poison on to their kits when the babies nurse, Gabriel said.

The UC Davis group is now testing barn owls, which rely more heavily on rodents for food than fisher cats do. ?Spotted owls have tested positive for rodenticides in Oregon, and Gabriel said preliminary data indicates barn owls are also
snaring poison-laced mice.

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To note, amphibians such as frogs are considered the bellweather of an ecosystem?s health? the canary in the coal mine, so to speak.?

If the Pacific tree frog is being affected by agricultural pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, and rodenticide blowoff and fallout as studies suggest, you can bet other species are being affected too, such as insects (think bees), fish, larger predators? and yes, even you.

Source: http://humboldtsentinel.com/2013/07/26/marijuana-and-agricultural-poisons-contaminating-californias-national-parks/

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